间质-上皮细胞转化因子(mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, MET)基因,也称 c-MET,位于人类 7 号染色体(7q21-31),编码的跨细胞膜酪氨酸激酶受体 c-MET 与其配体肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor, HGF)结合,激活 RAS- RAF 和PI3K 通路,促细胞增殖、生长、迁移、侵袭和血管生成,从而促进肿瘤增殖与转移[1, 2]。MET 基因异常主要有 METex14(MET exon14, METex14)跳跃突变、MET 扩增、MET 融合、MET 蛋白过表达等类型[3]。其中,METex14 跳跃突变导致 c-MET 蛋白泛素化障碍,降解率降低,下游信号的持续激活,是肿瘤的驱动基因[4, 5]。METex14 跳跃突变通常不与 EGFR、ALK、ROS1 等驱动基因共存[4],在 NSCLC 发生率 3%~4%[6],多发生于老年人(中位年龄 73 岁)、肉瘤样癌及腺癌[7]中,预后较差[8]。
在无靶向药物的驱动基因阳性 NSCLC 患者中,一线化疗联合或不联合免疫治疗为其标准疗法。化疗一线用于 METex14 跳跃突变晚期 NSCLC 患者的 ORR 27.0%,中位无进展生存期(median progression-free survival, mPFS) 4.0 月,中位总生存期(median overall survival, mOS)9.5 月[9];虽然 METex14 跳跃突变患者PD-L1 表达水平较高,但肿瘤突变负荷偏低[10, 11],免疫一线治疗 METex14跳跃突变 NSCLC 患者的 ORR 为 33.3%,mPFS 波动在 1.9~4.9 月,mOS 波动在 12~48.3 月[10, 12-15];可见,化疗及免疫治疗在 METex14 跳跃突变局部晚期或转移NSCLC 患者疗效有限。
近年来,基因诊断技术及新药研发推进 METex14 跳跃突变 NSCLC 患者靶向精准治疗,小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI)在局部进展或转移 METex14 跳跃突变 NSCLC 治疗地位日益明显,尤其是Ⅰb 类 MET TKI。 2020 年发表且 2021 年更新研究数据的Ⅱ期GEOMETRY mono-1 研究[16, 17]评估Ⅰb 类 MET TKI 卡马替尼在 METex14 跳跃突变的局部进展或转移 NSCLC
患者疗效及安全性,该共纳入 160 例患者,60 例初治患者 BIRC 评估的 ORR 68.3%,mPFS 12.5 月,mOS 25.5 月;100 例经治患者,二线及后线治疗的 ORR分别为 51.6%、40.6%。2020 年发表的另一项评估Ⅰb 类 MET TKI 特泊替尼在 METex14 跳跃突变的局部晚期或转移 NSCLC 疗效及安全性的Ⅱ期 VISION 研究
[18],共纳入 152 例患者,整体患者ORR 44.7%,初治和经治患者 ORR 没有明显差异,分别为 44.9%和 44.6%[19],整体 mPFS 8.5 月。特泊替尼 II 期 VISION研究验证性队列的初步研究结果[20]显示全组患者ORR 54.7%,mPFS 13.8 月, mOS 18.8 月。相较于非选择性Ⅰa 类TKI 克唑替尼[21, 22],Ⅰb 类 MET TKI表现出更强且持续的有效性。美国食品药品监督管理局( Food and Drug Administration, FDA)分别于 2020 年 5 月及 2021 年 2 月批准卡马替尼和特泊替尼用于 METex14 跳跃突变局部晚期及转移 NSCLC 患者。此外,基于 2021 年另一项Ⅱ期研究(NCT02897479)[23],国产Ⅰb 类 MET TKI 赛沃替尼于 2021 年 6 月被国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration, NMPA)批准用于 METex14 跳跃突变的局部进展或转移 NSCLC。该研究共纳入 METex14 跳跃突变的 NSCLC 和肺肉瘤样癌患者 70 例,其 mORR 49.2%,mPFS 6.9 月。本项研究[24]中的谷美替尼是一种高选择性、强效、全新的国产Ⅰb 型高选择性 MET TKI,研究显示谷美替尼在 METex14 跳跃突变局部进展或转移 NSCLC 中的总体 ORR 为 66%,中位起效时间为 6 周,mPFS 8.5 月,mOS 17.3 月。其中, 44 例初治患者的 ORR 71%,mPFS 11.7 月,mOS 未达到;35 例经治患者ORR
60%,mPFS 7.6 月,mOS 16.2 月。无论在几线应用,谷美替尼均显示出强效且持续的疗效,不劣于卡马替尼和特泊替尼,为 METex14 跳跃突变 NSCLC 患者提供了靶向治疗新选择,成为继赛沃替尼之后 NMPA 批准的另一个治疗 METex14跳跃突变的局部进展或转移 NSCLC 患者的国产Ⅰb 类 MET TKI。
本研究[24]纳入的 METex14 跳跃突变的局部进展或转移 NSCLC 患者中 14例基线有脑转移,纳入有效性分析的 13 例患者经 BIRC 评估(未选择脑转移瘤作为靶病灶)的 ORR 为 85%,研究者将 5 例患者的脑转移瘤作为靶病灶,均观察到颅内客观缓解,本研究显示谷美替尼在脑转移患者中有效。这样的效果在卡马替尼[16](ORR 53.8%)、特泊替尼[18](ORR 55%)、赛沃替尼[23](ORR 46.7%)中同样可以看到。
METex14 跳跃突变是 MET TKI 靶向治疗获益人群的重要生物标志物,精准识别 METex14 跳跃突变对局部进展或转移 NSCLC 患者治疗方案的制定至关重要。肿瘤组织标本、细胞标本常用于 METex14 跳跃突变检测的。METex14 跳跃突变可通过 RT-qPCR、基于 RNA 或 DNA 水平的二代测序检测。本项研究[24]显示 METex14 mRNA 水平预测 ORR 和mPFS,且 RT-qPCR 或基于 RNA 的二代测序较基于 DNA 的二代测序检测 METex14 跳跃突变的灵敏度高 14%[25, 26],所以,基于 RNA 的二代测序或 RT-qPCR 有望成为临床检测 METex14 跳跃突变的优先选择方法。但 RNA 易降解,基于 RNA 的二代测序或 RT-qPCR 对标本质量要求高,且对于一些罕见 MET 突变形式,如 Y1003 位点氨基酸改变或缺失可能漏检[6];基于 DNA 的二代测序对 METex14 跳跃突变检出率受生物信息分析能力、引物设计或探针覆盖率影响;所以,不用检测方法各有优劣,必要时需互相验证或补充。
同其他 MET TKI 一样,谷美替尼主要的不良反应包括水肿、低白蛋白血症、头痛、恶心、食欲减退。周围性水肿是谷美替尼最常见的治疗相关不良反应,其产生机制与血管内皮细胞上 HGF 介导的信号通路阻断相关[27]。谷美替尼不良反应临床可控,总体安全耐受性良好,极少患者需要减量和停药。所以,临床医生需要关注谷美替尼治疗相关不良反应的发生时间、严重程度,并做出及时且正确的处理措施。
总而言之,METex14 跳跃突变作为 MET TKI 治疗有效的生物标志物,指导 NSCLC 的精准治疗,精准的识别 METex14 跳跃突变至关重要。谷美替尼作为高效的 MET TKI,为阳性基因突变 NSCLC 患者的治疗提供了靶向治疗新选择。
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